These early devices and others of the same period were designed for narrow applications, such as video phones, and rarely offered the ability to “roam away” from a fixed position in the video stream, the primary benefit of live event video streaming services that we will focus on.
In 1997, Philips Electronics designed an Emergency Centre that could be controlled by emergency services to see what was happening inside a house during an emergency call. This too had no impact on the market. However, admittedly as a special test case, Sony and Kubota created a “live house” that patent literature tells us had a “controlled viewing angle” of some type. This formed the inspiration for this paper.
In the 1990s, Sony and Intel (S+I) introduced the idea of a “managed video environment” with their so-called “Home [email protected]” marketing concept. Typical examples of potential subscribers were thought to be taxi drivers wanting to monitor news feeds while waiting for customers, and families wanting a continuous view of Santa Claus’s grotto at Christmas. This was, of course, never realized.
For today’s hyper-connected populations, the era of live video streaming services is a new experience.
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Historical Overview of Live Event Video Streaming
The use of live event video streaming as an authorized channel of distribution under multichannel, pay, and video on demand contracts that, in 1996, led ESPN and Boulder-based Neugent Technologies to stream 20 games in the first Conference USA Softball Tournament in Boulder, CO. In another example, soon after awaiting the Mexican General Election on July 1, 2000, Grupo Reforma, a Mexican media conglomerate, provided a one-of-a-kind event in live streaming a press conference held by former CIA Director Mullen. Tapping the experience of technology providers such as Wang Laboratories, Cisco, and Microsoft, and the know-how gained by local market players such as Brazil’s Globo.com and Argentina’s CV Net, coupled with the region’s great enthusiasm for soccer and political elections, television broadcasters that use digital terrestrial transmission technology adopted to create supplemental deliverable live event video streaming. During a single day in 2000, fans used live streaming to view over 750,000 individual races on attheraces.com, a specialized sector of the British Sky Broadcasting website.
The pioneering creative work of a WebCaster for what eventually evolved into tvontheweb.com, which began in 1997, carried nearly a year after WebCaster had proved the business concept that the business founders of Broadcastlive would cite board countless times to capitalize their new entity. Yet their timing was also a key element. The initial major success in live event video streaming was the National Association of Court Reporters, who offered training on court reporter certification tests to people around the United States via live, web-based video.
Before the popularization of the World Wide Web, the availability of any form of electronically transmitted video was very limited. Close captioning for the hearing impaired is one application of video that dates back to 1980. Video conferencing as an interactive communication tool is also an established technology with practical applications that predates the World Wide Web. However, its use on the Web depended on a massive user base that had adequate connection speeds.
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Key Technologies and Innovations in Live Event Streaming
In recent years, live video streaming technology has become increasingly mature, and existing key technologies and innovations have made live event streaming win widespread attention from a wide range of audiences worldwide within recent years. There are lots of new video sharing platforms and live video streaming media service providers developed to share real-time video streaming content produced by users around the world, such as YouTube Live, Dailymotion, Facebook Live, Instagram Live, Meerkat, Periscope, etc. Along with a diverse live event business model and emerging advanced video formatting technology, these over-the-top (OTT) live video streaming services have provided a rich business opportunity and benefit for media industries. In the following context, popular components and key technologies in implementing these services will be discussed.
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Popular Live Event Streaming Services
Facebook Live, as mentioned in the previous chapter, provides the ability for organizations to share their live streaming content to followers on the service. For a pay-per-view service that acts as a middleman or aggregator, Cleeng offers businesses the ability to provide and manage both free and paid content for live streaming and video delivery. Another platform tailor-made for content delivery specifically tailored for sporting events is Rakuten Viber. For events that are marketed toward religious followers, services like Churchstreaming.tv and MediaFusion allow houses of worship to set up systems to stream their services for their members. For events geared toward education and streaming content branded by these institutions and platforms like Kaltura, Panopto, and Sonic Foundry’s Mediasite allow universities, colleges, and businesses to offer live and recorded lessons and events to their own specific groups.
Besides the popular services that offer live streaming for a wide range of events, there are other services that focus exclusively on a specific type of content. Not exclusively a video streaming service, Ustream focuses on providing a platform for businesses to provide live streaming of their events. Their offerings range from embedding into existing web pages or mobile apps to white-labeled applications and video players. For the higher end, they provide closed-circuit mesh networks to deliver “flicker-free” streaming at events. YouTube Live, as previously mentioned, not only provides a great platform for live video streaming but also the ability to connect with audiences in real time and to live stream events. Supporting both live and archived videos, it is a great place to host live event content to gain more influence and followers.
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Challenges and Future Trends in Event Live Streaming
Event organizers, businesses, and institutions are widely using live video streaming to promote business, to share their work, their information, their activities, and to engage with their customers, users, or stakeholders. Video live streaming broadcasters or hosts may choose, for example, to create real streaming TV channels, live TV and radio events, live presentations, and business conferences. Streaming event broadcasters are, in the majority of cases, not sourced in television and radio production environments, facilitate real-time webcasting based on personal computers and low-cost camera devices. These broadcasters use tools and platforms to broadcast their live events, to easily use webcasting and live audio and video streaming technology. The proposed tool allows broadcasters to use modern and flexible video transmission platforms to achieve their webcasting needs, with high quality and high service availability.
In this paper, we first present a critical review and a comparison between a few relevant technologies for the implementation of event live streaming platforms. Then, we present a testbed that allows service providers to broadcast large-scale events by implementing networking layered strategies, content adaptation techniques, and optimization algorithms for dynamic resource allocation, on the Amazon Web Services and WebRTC technologies. Finally, we discuss some of the main ongoing and harsh technological challenges that need to be addressed or further investigated in the event live streaming field.
Large live events have a significant audience, either attending the event or watching it from a distance, namely on live streaming platforms. The implementation of live streaming platforms should be based on cost-effective technology solutions, and at the same time, service providers need to guarantee a broadcast with high-quality standards.
